针对美国国务卿蓬佩奥2020年7月13日发表所谓的涉南海声明一事，自然资源部海洋发展战略研究所副研究员罗刚博士2020年7月20日在“中国日报网”（chinadaily.com.cn）上发表了题为《蓬佩奥的南海声明折射出国际法的滥用（Pompeo’s South China Sea statement mirrors abuse of international law）》的英文评论文章。在该文的基础上，2020年7月22日出版的《中国日报（CHINA DAILY）》在第9版刊发了罗刚博士题为《蓬佩奥喜欢藐视国际法（Pompeo loves flouting international law）》的署名评论文章。
文章指出，蓬佩奥声明缺乏坚实的法律基础，意在南海地区获得期待的政治利益，而非维护国际法。文章以国际法为视角，从“基于规则的国际秩序”的修辞变换、“海洋自由”的误读、“善意”原则与“和平解决国际争端”等方面论证了蓬佩奥声明是对国际法的滥用。文章还指出，与蓬佩奥的荒唐“指控”恰恰相反，中国对南海诸岛及其附近海域拥有主权以及对相关海域拥有主权权利和管辖权，正是在国际法的框架下牢固确立的。中华民族没有侵略基因，热爱和平，中国没有兴趣在南海地区建立所谓的海洋帝国。文章最后指出，美国是南海域外国家，对介入南海问题没有法律基础，奉劝美国应当停止采取恶化地区局势的单方行动，应当停止在狭隘私利驱动下滥用国际法。
“网络版”原文链接：http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202007/20/WS5f15785fa31083481725ad22.html
“纸质版”原文链接：
http://epaper.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202007/22/WS5f17779fa3107831ec753aa2.html
附：“网络版”英文全文及其参考中文译文
Pompeo’s South China Sea statement mirrors abuse of international law
蓬佩奥的南海声明折射出国际法的滥用
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo issued a so-called South China Sea statement on July 13, in which he declared that China’s claims to offshore resources across most of the South China Sea are completely unlawful. Pompeo’s statement, lacking a solid legal basis, is intended to achieve expected political gains in the region, rather than uphold international law. As is already well known, the United States is neither a state party to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) nor party to the dispute in the region. Nevertheless, the United States enthusiastically provides irresponsible comments on the application of UNCLOS as well as dispute resolution in the region, and frequently, under the guise of upholding international law, conducts freedom of navigation operations for military or other hostile purposes in the region, thus essentially practicing “might makes right”. International law was and is being abused as a tool to ensure US hegemony over the region. The danger of Pompeo’s statement lies not only in aggravating tensions in the region but also in casting a shadow over international rule of law.
2020年7月13日，美国国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥发表了所谓的涉南海声明，宣称中国在南海大部分海域拥有离岸资源的主张完全不合法。蓬佩奥声明缺乏坚实的法律基础，意在南海地区获得期待的政治利益，而非维护国际法。众所周知，美国既不是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》（简称《公约》）的缔约国，也不是南海争端当事国。尽管如此，美国却踊跃地对《公约》适用以及地区争端解决发表不负责任的评论，并频繁地假借维护国际法之名，在南海地区开展以军事或其它敌对目的的航行自由行动，实质上践行“强权即公理”的法则。从过去到现在，国际法被滥用成确保美国地区霸权的工具。蓬佩奥声明的危险之处，不仅在于加剧地区紧张关系，还在于给国际法治蒙上一层阴影。
First, Pompeo’s statement attempts to replace international law with some new “rules-based international order”, which is a dangerous move for upholding UN-led “international order based on rule of law”. In his statement, deployment of the term “rules-based international order” is essentially intended to uphold power politics in the region, but rather international law. The rule of law is a concept at the very heart of the UN’s mission. In the 2012 UN Declaration on the rule of law at national and international levels, “an international order based on the rule of law” is regarded as “the indispensable foundations for a more peaceful, prosperous and just world”. The formulation “rules-based international order”, however, is a rhetorical shift from the UN concept, and such a shift is helpful in concealing the US's dark record of violations of international law. As a much broader term than international law, “rules-based international order” could be used as a tool for political expediency by which the United States could arbitrarily define what is international law and what is not, and could freely choose laws and rules from which it would benefit best. It is by way of establishing and applying the double standard that the United States abuses international law in the region.
其一，蓬佩奥声明妄图用“基于规则的国际秩序”之类的新用语取代国际法，对维护联合国主导的“基于法治的国际秩序”是一个危险举动。蓬佩奥声明使用了“基于规则的国际秩序”这一用语，实际上是为了在南海维持权力政治，而非维护国际法。法治是联合国使命中非常核心的概念。根据2012年联合国《国内和国际的法治问题大会高级别会议宣言》，“基于法治的国际秩序”被视作“建立一个更为和平、繁荣与公正的世界所不可或缺的基础”。然而，“基于规则的国际秩序”这一表述是对联合国概念的修辞变换，而这样的变换有助于美国掩盖过去违反国际法的不良记录。作为一个比国际法更加宽泛的用语，“基于规则的国际秩序”可用作政治权宜的工具。美国可借此任意地定义什么是国际法，什么不是国际法，并自由地选择受益最大化的法律和规则。正是通过建立和运用双重标准，美国在南海地区滥用国际法。
Second, Pompeo’s statement undermines the balance between the rights and obligations of States, which is not in line with the development of contemporary international law. Pompeo’s statement replaces the legal term, “freedom of the high seas”, from UNCLOS with a much broader term, “freedom of the seas”, which was used by Grotius in the 17th century. The rebirth of the historical term, “freedom of the seas”, having no place in the 21st century, on closer examination, implies excessive maritime claim based on a predatory world view, as well as ambition for building a world maritime empire. From the legal perspective, UNCLOS advocates a balance between the rights and obligations of States in the various maritime zones, while Pompeo’s statement, insisting on blind adherence to the freedom of the seas, undermines such balance, thus not only enhancing the risk of conflict in the region but also creating obstacles to the development of contemporary international law. For fear of the implementation of due regard obligations under UNCLOS, the United States has to date not become a state party to UNCLOS. It is by way of taking negative attitudes towards treaty obligations and misinterpreting principles of general international law that the United States abuses international law in the region.
其二，蓬佩奥声明损害了国家权利与义务的平衡，与当今国际法的发展方向不相适应。格劳秀斯17世纪使用的“海洋自由”这一更加宽泛的用语，被蓬佩奥声明所吸收，用于取代《公约》中的法律术语“公海自由”。更进一步观察，“海洋自由”这一历史术语在21世纪已毫无立足之地，而它的重生，暗含了掠夺性世界观下的过度海洋主张以及构建世界海洋帝国的野心。从法律视角上看，《公约》倡导国家在不同海洋区域上权利与义务的平衡，而蓬佩奥声明一味倡导海洋自由，破坏了这一平衡，不仅增加了地区冲突的风险，还阻碍了当今国际法的发展。因惧怕履行《公约》下的适当顾及义务，美国时至今日也没有成为《公约》的缔约国。正是通过对条约义务采取消极态度以及曲解一般国际法原则，美国在南海地区滥用国际法。
Third, Pompeo’s statement, based on knowingly false and misleading information, attempts to sow discord and provoke conflict in the region, which shakes the very foundation of international law. In his statement, the positive remarks made by Chinese official around peaceful dispute resolution in the region through negotiations is taken out of context in bad faith, contrary to fundamental principle of international law. Actually, good faith is both a general principle of international law and a legal principle under UNCLOS, overarching an entire legal order. “Good faith is a fundamental principle of international law”, as former ICJ judge Mohammed Bedjaoui puts it, “without which all international law would collapse.” In the context of competing national interests, the good faith principle is helpful in mediating the effects of states’ rights and in achieving acceptable results in the dispute resolution process. Pompeo’s absurd statement, however, provokes inter-state conflict and thrives on chaos in the region, and it has no interest in peaceful settlement of international disputes, a fundamental principle of international law as formulated in the UN Charter. It is by way of despising the good faith principle and peaceful principle that the United States abuses international law in the region.
其三，蓬佩奥声明有意散布虚假信息和误导信息，以此在南海地区制造不和、挑动冲突，动摇了国际法的根基。中国官员围绕通过谈判协商和平解决地区争端具有积极意义的讲话，被蓬佩奥声明恶意地断章取义，这一做法与国际法的根本原则相背离。实际上，善意，既是国际法的一般原则，也是《公约》下的法律原则，适用于整个法律秩序。正如国际法院前任法官穆罕默德•贝贾维指出：“善意是国际法最根本的原则，否则国际法的全部制度都将坍塌。”在国家利益彼此竞争的背景下，善意原则有助于协调各国之间权利的效果，在争端解决过程中有助于达成可以接受的结果。然而，蓬佩奥的荒唐声明挑动国家之间的冲突，唯恐南海不乱，对《联合国宪章》规定的和平解决国际争端这一国际法根本原则毫无兴趣。正是通过藐视善意原则与和平原则，美国在南海地区滥用国际法。
Contrary to Pompeo’s absurd allegations, it is under international law that China’s sovereignty over the Nanhai Zhudao and its adjacent waters, as well as sovereign rights and jurisdiction over its relevant maritime zone, are well established. Abundant historical evidence shows that China is the first country to have discovered, named, explored and exploited Nanhai Zhudao and its relevant waters, and the first to have continuously, peacefully and effectively exercised sovereignty and jurisdiction over them. The core of the South China Sea issue lies in territorial sovereignty, which is governed by the customary law of territory, rather than UNCLOS. Falling within the scope of the matters not regulated by UNCLOS, China’s historic rights in the South China Sea are well established under international law.
与蓬佩奥的荒唐指控相反，中国对南海诸岛及其附近海域拥有主权以及对相关海域拥有主权权利和管辖权，正是在国际法的框架下牢固确立的。大量历史证据表明，中国最早发现、命名和开发利用南海诸岛及相关海域，最早持续、和平、有效地对南海诸岛及相关海域行使主权和管辖权。南海问题的核心在于领土主权，受领土的习惯法所调整，而不是《公约》。中国在南海的历史性权利，属于《公约》未予规定的事项，在国际法的框架下牢固确立。
The South China Sea issue is highly complex and sensitive in nature, and its satisfactory resolution will test the political wisdom of the claimants. Dialogue and consultation is the only ways to resolve the dispute in the region, and cooperation, rather than confrontation, is the only way forward to peace, security and stability in the region. The Chinese people, non-aggressive in nature, love peace, and China has no interest in building a so-called maritime empire in the region. As a country outside the region, the United States has no legal grounds to get involved in the South China Sea issue. The United States should stop taking unilateral actions to worsen the situation in the region, and stop abusing international law motivated by narrow self-interest.
南海问题具有高度的复杂性、敏感性，能否令人满意地解决，考验着有关当事国的政治智慧。对话与协商，才是解决南海问题唯一正确的选项，合作而非对抗，才是通向南海地区和平、安全与稳定的唯一道路。中华民族没有侵略基因，热爱和平。中国没有兴趣在南海地区建立所谓的海洋帝国。美国作为南海域外国家，对介入南海问题没有法律基础。美国应当停止采取恶化地区局势的单方行动，应当停止在狭隘私利驱动下滥用国际法。